From a modern, Science-based perspective, this massive influx of merpeople sightings mentioned in the introduction seems to be a kind of mass hysteria, or an obsession with grasping at the unknown. Men traveling the Atlantic and Pacific seas may have been losing their minds, but what if they weren’t? The human mind is certainly capable of creating illusions or hallucinations, but the ancient sea, which is still widely untouched, may be holding more than we may ever know. Did they see an actual human-fish hybrid? probably not, but they could have seen creatures beyond their comprehension or get crazy weird vibes off the water they were sailing. Word of mouth and drawings on maps were all they had, and influenced them in their travels. If the greatest of minds during this time period were so invested in understanding these merpeople and the New World, then why shouldn’t it be considered science?
The Perception and Ambiguity of Creatures from the Deep
While we may have just started the topic of Merpeople and we can already make some assumptions of what is to be expected as we expand our knowledge of these sea deities (or monsters), the truth is that this just the surface and of course an introduction. However, what seems to be a motif in the subject of mermaids is the fact that these “creatures” tend to instill an extreme feeling in others whether that be a feeling of displeasure (Homers version), or a completely opposing feeling pertaining to femininity and the dangers of lust (Christian Church version that borrows from Pagan views).
Delving further into Merpeople: A Human History by Vaughn Scribner, it describes the appearance (or more so the descriptions) of deities and religious figures in Paganism consisting of androgynous features and attributes. This to me also goes to show how humanity is always interested in the topic of hybrid creatures or hybrid characteristics in humans, which is prevalent in pop culture with superheroes having animal powers while still remaining in their human state superficially as well as in myths such as the Minotaur, and now after completing this weeks reading, a mixture of female and male features, “Even more interestingly, because pagan gods could be both male and female” (Scribner 30). Not only does this further prove that civilizations no matter how ancient or where they originated, there will always be a common interest between cultures regarding animal-human hybrids, as well as mixed features in general.
Image is everything to most societies and it still is to this day, but one thing that is certain is that this way of thinking can lead to misunderstanding which is clearly apparent in mermaids. With their appearance showing the downsides of lust and sex, it explains why civilians where advised to not sing “with a maiden voice” to not lure any dangerous creatures (Scribner 44). Although the sea is vast, diverse, and majestic, there is no doubt that the sea is also mysterious and will continue to be for the rest of time.
Nellie Murphy Introduction
Hi! My name is Nellie Murphy, and I am a junior studying Marketing here at SDSU! I am from Denver, Colorado, but I absolutely love it out here in SD. I plan to study abroad this upcoming spring semester in Milan, Italy! As a dual citizen of Europe, I would love to live and work abroad after college as well. I love to ski and skateboard, I really enjoy yoga, and I obsess over TV shows like Stranger Things, Lost, and The Office. I am very close with my sister Iris, who just graduated with a degree in environmental sciences, and I chose this class because it sounded like something she would like.
I am excited to be part of this really interesting class, and hope not only to expand my knowledge of mermaids, mermen, and ancient stories of hybrid “monsters” but also to improve my writing, close reading skills, and rhetorical strategies.

Week 2 Readings Post
I managed to create a system for my annotations that my brain can comprehend but it might look crazy to everyone else, which often happens. I thoroughly enjoyed chapter 1 of Merepeople compared to the introduction. At the beginning of the chapter, I enjoyed the small story just showing how weak men are about keeping their emotions in check that a carving is bringing out these human natural emotions. The hypersexualization of the mermaid and his hunger / temptation makes it uncomfortable from an outsider point of view that isn’t a desperate man. I was uncomfortable with the narration while reading it, just the objectification was wild and had me cringing about how this man was acting! Unhinged deacon at its finest. I wonder if there are texts out there about a woman having sexual desire for a triton..? But, considering that Christianity and their leaders were trying their hardest to denigrate femininity, I wouldn’t be surprised that it was destroyed or hidden deep. Later in the chapter on page.51, the details were clear on how tritons were perceived, which was more conservative than their counterpart. I had this thought that popped up during our lecture this past Tuesday, that since mermaids are a reflection of humans.. Creating the narrative around mermaids is a soapbox for Christian leaders to passively ruin femininity. An indirect way of criticising women and their feminine attributes. If the church is on a mission to ruin femininity, why isn’t it a sin considering that Mother Mary is a woman too? And my last question that has been bothering me is that on page.40, why would scholars assume “vagina” as another meaning for the fish held by the mermaid? I don’t understand the reasoning for this metaphor. Like the mirror/comb, vanity, but what does the dang fish mean?
This is how I sum up my takeaway from this week’s reading: in the name of “goodness”, there is plenty of evil doing.
Week 2: Mermaids, Illuminated
Every other page of these first two chapters of Scribner, I found something I HAD to make a post about. My mind is going off in twenty directions already. See at end of post1 a list of things I had to leave behind, but would love for someone else to pick up, if you didn’t have any particularly juicy catches of your own.
I’m deciding to focus on all the art we saw in this chapter: the early illustrations of mermaids from illuminated manuscripts. What strikes me is actually how consistent mermaids have remained; my idea of them today is not so different from the earliest depictions.
I have always loved drawing mermaids and I know I’m not alone. Possessing a long and sinuous tail, as well as often long hair unbound by gravity, and an often nude torso, makes them a really appealing subject for an artist. There are so many opportunities for creative, fluid compositions, there is the human torso for the anatomists among us to dig into, there is the deep symbolism surrounding them as closely as water surrounds them. Now, my mermaid art has been further informed by the aesthetics of illuminated manuscripts, by the Green Men, motifs which occur ubiquitously (like mermaids) and have murky origins– but unlike mermaids, do not continue to capture modern consciousness.
My pursuits, academic, creative, spiritual, professional, exist not in a single field but in an infinitely dense lattice of braided rivers and streams, and I feel that now, in my life, the undercurrent of Mermaids– a spring which arose early in my personal history– the undercurrent of Mermaids is now spreading, slowing, flowing under everything I do, informing other rivulets.

- – Thank you Hahnnah for bringing up music: Where are the English and Irish Ballads about Mermaids? Surface level searching returned only Child 289 , “The Mermaid”. I liked this version on spotify.
– p8 It not a coincidence that medieval bestiaries represented real animals as “hybrid monsters”– they were drawn based on descriptions, and those descriptions could only function by referencing things people already knew (elephants having a snake on their face, rhinocerouses plated with armor, platypus with ducks bills and beavers’ tails). It’s not possible for us to comprehend anything without points of reference, things to connect them to
– Amphitrite- I checked etymonline, and was surprised to find that they don’t attribute “-trite” to simply “triton”. Amphitrite was a bridge, in between, double-aspect (like amphibian or amphoteric or ambivalent or ambidextrous) of Triton. Being female… gave her the power… to leave the sea??
– p 27 “To be human is to be hybrid”. Nuff said.
– p 32-33 Note the sculpture of jonah being swallowed by the whale– the whale itself is a hybrid!
– Scribner kind of dangerously oversimplifies the origins of Anglo Christianity in Ireland. I recommend further reading.
– Excellent line from Thomas Cobham quoted on p 43 “Lord created different creatures… not only for sustenance… but for instruction” <- represents two crucial elements of the human relationship to the natural world in one sentence!
– Melusine was the first transforming mermaid? Perhaps the mermaid canon I grew up with does not have origins as recent as I thought. (See also: The Orford Merman, p 55, on mermaids in captivity)
– A line from a short story I recently read- Mkondo by Anthony Doerr- describing a fossil of an early proto-bird, which I think reflects the narrator’s unnatural dichotomous worldviews: “What a thing, half bird, half lizard, part one thing, part another, trapped forever between more perfect states”. ↩︎
Why did Christianity Exploit Mermaids?
In his first chapter of Merpeople: A Human History Scribner recounts the extensive imagery of merpeople utilized by the church to gain pagan followers while it “hoped to distance itself from the sacred feminine of the pagan past.” (para. 9) The mermaid was contrived to control the narrative of female sin. In medieval times, this era of monsters, why does the Church use merpeople, specifically mermaids, to convert pagan followers and scandalize femininity? Why not dragons, giants, ogres, or unicorns among others? In this class we have established a human fascination with hybridity, and in it an ability to reflect ourselves. Therefore, this representation of sin had to contain a human element. But why not other hybrids, such as harpies? In fact, the church purposefully went out of its way to omit harpies and depict sirens as half-woman half-fish instead as Scribner indicates in paragraph 14: “Homer’s Odyssey alluded to sirens as bird-like creatures. Christian artists diverged from the original descriptions because they no longer needed a hideous siren”. Sirens or harpies, these bird women, no matter how monstrously depicted, would be too easily interpreted as ascending to heaven. In its use of mermaids, the church is able portray beautiful women exuding lust and sin. Because their environment is beneath us, because these beings technically exist below earth, they are essentially only one step away from hell. The mermaid’s environment diminishes any chance of misinterpretation of the church’s warning.
In addition, merpeople are humanity’s attempt to control an environment that is not our own. Christianity aims to be the shepherd of this planet, yet we have only dipped a toe into the oceanic expanse that covers nearly ¾ of it. By worshipping Oannes or Ea, Neptune or Poseidon, pagan religion forges a connection with the sea. And therefore, constructs a command of the deep. Christianity is expanding on this connection, and the human governance of the entirety of Earth, by insinuating the existence of merpeople.
Lastly, I am wondering where modern mermaid stories and culture would be if the church never represented mermaids as prevalently as they did. Would we have grown up watching The Little Mermaid? Would ‘mermaiding’ be a thing? Would we even be taking this class?
A child of Anansi the Spider: God of Lies and Stories
(Photo of me taken by one of my best friends in Vegas)

Howdy, my name is Dion Jones. I was born here in San Diego but transferred here from NAU after having transferred from Grossmont Community College. I want to say that this is my 4th year in undergrad but that would be an understatement—and a lie. I am an English major who has only grown to love our study more with time.
I hope to achieve a few key things with my time on earth: become a special education teacher, become a great husband, and great father, most else I need no defined vision… yet. My favorite genres tend to involve fantasy—magic systems, swords—I pretend that they’re optional—and monsters/mythological creatures. Reading and watching eastern animation, manga, assorted action and adventure western animated shows, nature documentaries, and Godzilla shaped my love for art—especially drawing which eventually led to my love and enjoyment of stories—the lives, experiences, and imaginations of others—and the tellers of said stories. I don’t know what I hope to gain from this class, but I like stretching and building my ‘thinking muscles’, hopefully that’s enough to motivate me to do well.
Jazmine V. Introduction
Hello everyone, my name is Jazmine! I am a junior that has recently transferred from San Diego City College. I am majoring in English and Comparative Literature with aspirations to become a professor. Not sure if I want to teach city college level only or universities as well. Only the future will tell! I am highly interested in learning about literature and viewing it in different lenses. It’s a bit troublesome for me to introspectively look at text and think deeply.I tend to look at literature pieces at face value but that is slowly changing. I think it has to do with topics that don’t peak my interest. But, with each literature class, I gain more practice fine tuning this tough skill.
Outside of class, you’ll find me, nowhere for the most part. I am a huge homebody! I love to stay in and stream my favorite tv shows. I’m currently obsessed with Taskmaster season 19, Adults on FX and, the entirety of Abbott Elementary. Plus, I play plenty of Stardew Valley on my switch and am actively trying to perfect my farm! I am yearning for an update on Animal Crossing! Funny enough since I am an english major, I should say I love reading books but in reality I’m not an avid reader, I have periods where I am glued to a book and when finished, then I don’t pick up another novel for monthsss! Also, my brain can’t comprehend annotating a book. It doesn’t feel right but I do admire it when I see others with all their colorful tabs and thoughtful notes in the margins.
Besides all that, I really do look forward to this class with y’all and can’t wait to learn about mermaids and their symbolism!

Merfolk: A Sign of Misfortune or Beacons of Hope?
Traveling back to a time where the only form of communication was through word of mouth and written forms/letters, it seems almost impossible not to have any historical accounts of mythological creatures such as dragons, unicorns, and cyclopes. However, one mythical creature that catches most peoples attention and continues to trend in various forms of media and art itself is none other than the mermaid.
There are many reasons as to why this specific creature (mermaid) is arguably the most popular one out of all of the other ones and after reading Merpeople: A Human History by Vaughn Scribner, one of the many reasons that stood out to me which I never really took into consideration was the fact that the mermaid/man is a combination of an animal and a human. This hybrid characteristic something that although may seem tame in the world of myths due to the fact that there are many other creatures that are more otherworldly and supernatural (e.g. Phoenix, Wyvern, Cerberus, etc.) while simultaneously having features from actual animals, it still goes back to the hybrid characteristic of merpeople that makes that specific creature so interesting and compelling.
Further understanding of merpeople makes one truly appreciate the complexity of their origin and initial perception which is symbolic in religion, “..these half-women, half-fish served as ideal symbols of wonder and danger for Church leaders” (Scribner). With more information being showcased in this section of the reading, one begins to realize just how different the media has portrayed merpeople – more specifically mermaids – in a wondrous light with an actual functioning society and hierarchy when in reality, the early depictions of mermaids were shown to, in a way, criticize lust and sexuality in a manner that would leave the viewer shocked and repulsed due to the lack of clothing and complete fish form below the waist. While the theological portrayal of the mermaid is associated with lust and the danger of said feeling, one would have to also take into account the historical background of the mermaid through the lenses of sailors, and as the rise of explorers became a huge contribution to the reports of these mythological creatures, it also makes one wonder whether the “sightings” were either just completely fabricated or a misinterpretation of an actual marine organism for a mermaid.
As one continues to research the subject of mermaids and just how common it was to encounter one throughout the Nineteenth Century, it almost makes one ponder about the legitimacy of these accounts, and when one begins to question said accounts, one piece of information that is important to mention is that the ocean is so vast and so diverse. Although this fact is obvious, it does beg the question, why is the concept of merpeople included in the “fantasy” category? This is not to say that such a creature exists, but after completing the reading, the concept of the mermaid does not seem completely absurd especially after viewing various different marine organisms that do seem fictional like the colossal squid.
With the many different interpretations of merpeople existing throughout the years, there really is no true answer to whether they are a sign of good luck or meant to serve as a cautionary tale. However, I view the mermaid as a misunderstood being; a creature that is not accepted on land nor in the sea which is entirely relatable if one is in a transitional phase in their lives. Although this is just the introduction to merpeople, I am already intrigued and hoping to expand my knowledge on the correlation between merpeople and the environment.
Week 2: Merpeople and the Human Obsession of Hybridity
From the very start of the introduction, Scribner draws his readers in with quite an unorthodox observation: “Merpeople are everywhere” (Scribner 7). Typically, you don’t think merpeople are “everywhere,” after all, we are land-dwelling creatures, which would deprive a mermaid of living ability. And yet, Scribner notes various forms in which mermaids are seen daily: the mascot of a coffee chain, TV shows, and even “Mermaid University” programs.
This interest in mermaids isn’t new, Scribner notes, saying that this interest has always been present in humans. I find it interesting that Scribner goes on to say that “[T]hese hybrid creatures represented danger as much as hope, wonder as much as horror” (8), which makes me wonder—what is it about hybridity that humans tend to obsess over? What is it about the blending of two things we are so obsessed with? Perhaps I have a different perspective on this because I grew up in a mixed-race household—my mom being Filipino and my dad being Italian-American—but I can’t count the number of times I’ve received strange comments about my lineage: “So, what are you?” “Wow, so exotic!” “That’s so interesting.” I don’t exactly take offense to it, but there is a little bit of a sting when people (usually from older generations) have this sort of intrigued yet fascinated look when I tell them I am mixed. But the human interest in mixed things doesn’t stop at these mixed children like myself; we see it in cultural/regional fusion dishes, domesticated dog breeds (most dogs nowadays are hardly ever pure-bred), even academic disciplines (Interdisciplinary Studies?), and many more I can’t think of off the top of my head. I think humans are naturally drawn to this mashing up of two different things because we crave uniqueness and originality, with the mermaid and other hybrid mythical creatures satisfying this craving thousands of years ago to today. Scribner goes on to solidify this, writing, “Monster theory and hybrid studies are imperative for Merpeople: A Human History, especially in their ability to reveal the humanity in such seemingly foreign, incongruous manifestations of the natural world” (8).
The last thing I noted while reading this introduction was Scribner’s observations that “[W]hile mermen found their origins in a Greek God, mermaids largely originated from hideous beasts who only intended to bring man to destruction through his own lust for sex and power” (11). I find it quite interesting that this evolution—man from God, woman from beast—is likely from patriarchal structures that prevail throughout time and is reflected in our own society today. Women being placed below men on the pedestal because “Eve committed original sin.” Women being told they are too emotional to lead. Women are being told they are weaker and, thus, inferior. I don’t think these examples hailed from the mermaid coming from hideous beasts, but it is definitely related. It is yet another example of women getting the short end of the stick and often being the “root cause” of men’s problems (e.g., being the reason they get led to their doom, even though they craved sex and power). This Introduction sets up a brilliant framework for how mermaids have shaped modern society today.



